Reader Rich Brozenec writes: I read your story about passwords. I have a question. Almost all my internet accounts (banks, Amazon, credit cards, etc.) have a limit on the number of password tries they allow [before timing out additional attempts]. Your story implies an infinite number of attempts using various combinations of letters and numbers, but is that really the case, or is there a way around these limits?

A little backstory on how passwords are cracked is in order. As some emailers and commenters have noted, "brute force" password cracking is probably not the most popular method by which passwords are broken. Social engineering, phishing, and other nefarious methods are actually much easier: All of these involve you willingly giving up your password to a malicious hacker through some form of misdirection and deceit. You may get a call from "your bank" with a problem on your account. Or you may get an email from "eBay" with a question about your listing... which takes you to a phony website.

The most secure password in the world won't protect you against hacking attempts like these. If you actually tell someone your password, you're out of luck.

The kind of password attacks I'm talking about when I write stories about password security and strength involve brute force attacks of various sorts. These attacks typically involve the theft of password records by various means. You read about them every day: Hackers compromise networks and abscond with user data. Or, more commonly, someone steals a laptop loaded with user records for some company or another. (User IDs are usually not encrypted and are linked directly to the hashed password.)

Most of the time, though, just having this user data doesn't mean your password is now in the hands of hackers (though if you read that a company you deal with has been victimized, you should always change your password as a matter of precaution). That's because most companies store passwords in encrypted formats called hashes. A hash is created by taking your password, applying a mathematical function to it, then storing the result of that function in the database instead of the actual password. When you log in to a website, the site runs that same math function against your password, then checks the database to see if the hashes match. If they do, you're in.

The reason hashes are secure is that they are not reversible. Say your password is daisy123; its hash may be 1b3c2c45d0a977b508f637097a94cbfb. (And in fact, it really is in one of the most common hash systems.) It's easy to go from daisy123 to the hash. Not so easy to go the other way. Thus, it's much safer to store the hash. Make sense so far?

So, what happens if a hacker knows the hash of your password? He tries out likely passwords to see if he can get a match. Again, it's easy to hash several hundred passwords per second, and eventually he'll get to daisy123, since it is, as noted in a prior article, a quite insecure password. But if your password is appropriately complex, he'll probably never be able to crack it: Having the hash will be as useless as having no information about your password.

There are copious other methods for cracking passwords (and there are even online databases of hashes that make looking up common passwords child's play), but this is the most common way, especially when cracking passwords in bulk (when you have thousands or millions of hashes to look through). It shakes out pretty much the same way every time: If a thief absconds with 100,000 user records, a relatively simple brute force attack against those hashes using common cracking software will probably net 20,000 passwords he can use.

In other words: Be safe out there.